Every-country-is-the-best-at-something

http://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/because-every-country-is-the-best-at-something/#

Best statistics question ever

Try not to think too hard. 

Philosophy and Theory of Yin and Yang

Introduction to Yin and Yang

Yin and Yang is one of the most fundamental concepts in Traditional Chinese Medicine, as it is the foundation of diagnosis and treatment. The earliest reference to Yin and Yang is in the I Ching (Book of Changes) in approximately in 700 BC. In this work, all phenomena are said to be reduced to Yin-Yang.

Yin Translations: 1. female, passive, negative principle in nature 2. the moon 3. shaded orientation 4. north or shady side of a hill 5. south of a river.

Yang Translations: 1. positive, active, male principle in nature 2. south or sunny side of a hill 3. north of a river.

Four Main Aspects of Yin and Yang Relationship

1. Yin-Yang are opposites
   They are either on the opposite ends of a cycle, like the seasons of the year, or, opposites on a continuum of energy or matter. This opposition is relative, and can only be spoken of in relationships. For example: Water is Yin relative to steam but Yang relative to ice. Yin and Yang are never static but in a constantly changing balance.
2. Interdependent: Can not exist without each other
   The Tai Ji (Supreme Ultimate) diagram shows the relationship of Yin & Yang and illustrates interdependence on Yin & Yang. Nothing is totally Yin or totally Yang. Just as a state of total Yin is reached, Yang begins to grow. Yin contains seed of Yang and vise versa. They constantly transform into each other. For Example: no energy without matter, no day without night.
   The classics state: "Yin creates Yang and Yang activates Yin".
3. Mutual consumption of Yin and Yang
   Relative levels of Yin Yang are continuously changing. Normally this is a harmonious change, but when Yin or Yang are out of balance they affect each other, and too much of one can eventually weaken (consume) the other.
   
   Four (4) possible states of imbalance:
1. Preponderance (Excess) of Yin
2. Preponderance (Excess) of Yang
3. Weakness (Deficiency) of Yin
4. Weakness (Deficiency) of Yang
4. Inter-transformation of Yin and Yang.
   One can change into the other, but it is not a random event, happening only when the time is right. For example: Spring only comes when winter is finished.

Yin and Yang Theory and History

Yin Yang is the fundamental principle, and the most important theory in TCM, underlying all physiology, pathology & treatment.

Combining the two, we have the four stages of Yin and Yang

With addition of an extra line, the Eight Trigrams (Ba Gua) were formed, illustrating all the directions.

The Eight Trigrams were combined to form 64 hexagrams, symbolizing all possible phenomena of the Universe.
Yin Yang had been understood for many centuries, but was systematically elaborated and written down by Tsou Yen of the Yin Yang (Naturalist) School in the Warring States Period (476-221 BC).
5 Element Theory was developed at same time.
The Naturalist school promoted idea of living in harmony with natural laws. Scholars of this school interpreted natural phenomena and observed how these are reflected in the human body in health and disease. Yin and Yang and the Five Elements became an integral part of Chinese philosophy.

The ancients observed 2 phases of constant cyclical change. Yin constantly changes into Yang & back into Yin again. This can be seen in the changes of four seasons, and the changes throughout a single day (24 Hour Cycle), as seen below.

24 Hour Yin Yang Cycle

(12 PM corresponds to Utmost Yang, while 12AM corresponds to Utmost Yin)

General Qualities of Yin and Yang

Yin	Yang
Darkness	Light
Moon	Sun
Feminine	Masculine
Shade	Brightness
Rest	Activity
West (Sunset = Yin)	East (Sunrise = beginning of Yang)
North	South
Earth	Heaven
Right	Left
Flat (like Earth)	Round (like Heaven)
Matter	Energy
More material/dense	Non-material, rarefied

These transform into one another.

They are 2 states of a continuum. For Example: Liquid water (Yin) heat - vapor (Yang) - cools - liquid (Yin).

Yin	Yang
Produces form	Produces energy
Grows	Generates
Substantial	Non-substantial
Matter	Energy
Contraction	Expansion
Descending	Rising
Below	Above
Water	Fire

Yin and Yang in Medicine

All physiological processes, signs and symptoms can be reduced to Yin-Yang.
In general, every treatment modality aims to:

• Tonify Yang
• Tonify Yin
• Disperse excess Yang
• Disperse excess Yin

(In practice, depending on the condition, strategies may be combined, for example: disperse excess Yin & tonify Yang)
Yin and Yang and the Six Pathogenic Factors

Yin	Yang
	Wind
Cold	Heat
Dampness	Dryness
	Summerheat

Yin and Yang and the Human Body

Yin	Yang
Front (chest-abdomen)	Back
Body	Head
Interior (organs)	Exterior (skin, muscles)
Below waist	Above waist
Anterior-medial	Posterior-lateral
ventral surface of the trunk and limbs	back and dorsal surface of the limbs
Structure	Function
Blood/Body Fluids	Qi
Conservation/storage	Transformation/change
Yin Organs: Heart, Lung,	Small Intestine, Lg. Intestine
Liver, Spleen, Kidney,	Gall Bladder, Stomach, Bladder
Pericardium	San Jiao
"Solid Organs"	"Hollow Organs"

Front and Back

Front is more soft and vulnerable (Yin). Back contains spine that holds ribs: protection. When human depicted as crouching, back receives sun (Yang) and front faces the earth (Yin), is in shade and is protected.
All Yang channels (except the Stomach channel) flow on the dorsal or dorsolateral surface of the trunk and limbs. They carry Yang energy and protect the body from pathogenic factors. Yin channels flow on the anterior or anteromedial surface of the trunk and limbs.
Body and Head 

Yang channels either end or begin on the head. Acupuncture points on the head can be used to raise Yang energy . When Yang energy is not cooled by Yin, it may rise to the head, causing signs such as red face and eyes. The head is easily affected by Yang pathogens such as heat and wind. The chest and abdomen (Yin) areas are more easily affected by Yin pathogens such as Cold and Dampness.
Interior and Exterior

The exterior of the body such as the skin and muscles is more Yang. The exterior protects body from attack by external pathogenic influences such as Cold, Wind, etc. The classics state: "Yang is on the outside and protects Yin".
Below the waist and Above the Waist

Below waist - closer to earth (Yin). Above, closer to Heaven (Yang).
Upper part more affected by Yang pathogens, i.e. wind.
Lower part more affected by Yin pathogens, i.e. cold damp.
Anterior/Medial and Posterior/Lateral Surface of the Limbs

Yin channels flow on anterior-medial aspect of trunk/limbs
Yang channels flow on posterior-lateral aspect of trunk/limbs
Structure and Function

Structure = something substantial, i.e. Matter (Yin)
Function = something insubstantial, action, energy (Yang)
All parts of the body have a structure (a physical form), and a function (their activity)
However, all is relative. Even within the Yang category of function, there are Yin functions (i.e. storage, conservation) and Yang functions, i.e. transformation, transportation, digestion, excretion.
Within the Yin category of form there are Yin forms ("solid") and Yang forms ("hollow")
Blood, Body Fluids, and Qi

Qi is Energy, more Yang.
Blood = denser and more material (therefore Yin).
But note that "Xue" (blood) not exactly like our concept of Blood. More like "thicker" form of Qi.
Note: there are several types of Qi. Each is relatively more Yin or Yang.
Ancestral QI (more Yin, more slow moving. Moves in long slow cycles).
Ying Qi (more Yang than Ancestral Qi, moves with Blood with which it is closely related). Ying is more Yin than Wei Qi.
Wei Qi the most Yang form of Qi. Circulates in the exterior in the daytime to protect us from pathogenic influences, and regulates opening/closing of pores.
Conservation/Store (Yin) and Transformation/Change (Yang)

Yin Organs store Blood, Body Fluids, Essence, etc.
Yang Organs constantly transform, transport and excrete the products of digestion.
Solid and Hollow Organs (Zang Fu)

Yin Organs are "Solid": constantly active, involved in production and storage of the body's vital Substances (Qi Blood, Body Fluids, Essence)
Yang Organs are "Hollow": receive and circulate but do not store, involved in digestion, transformation, excretion.

Yin and Yang in Pathology

Clinical signs and symptoms can be interpreted via Yin-Yang theory. When Yin Yang are in dynamic balance and relating harmoniously, there are no symptoms to observe. When Yin and Yang are out of balance, they become separated.

For example: a.) Yin does not cool and nourish Yang so Yang rises (headaches, red face, sore eyes, sore throats, nosebleeds, irritability, manic behavior. b.) Yang does not warm and activate Yin (cold limbs, hypo-activity, poor circulation of blood, pale face, low energy. Actual symptoms depend on specific pathologies, which Organ involved, etc.

Yin	Yang
Deficiency	Excess
Hypo-activity	Hyperactivity
Chronic disease/gradual onset	Acute disease/rapid onset
Slowly changing symptoms	Rapid pathological changes
Quiet, lethargy, sleepiness	Restlessness, insomnia
Wants to be covered	Throws off bedclothes
Lies curled up	Lies stretched out
Cold limbs and body	Hot limbs and body
Pale face	Red face
Weak voice, no desire to talk	Loud voice, talkative
Shallow, weak breathing	Coarse breathing
No thirst/wants warm drinks	Thirst esp. for cold drinks
Copious, clear urine	Scanty, dark urine
Loose stools (fluids not transformed)	Constipation (damage to fluids by heat)
Clear, copious secretions	Thick, sticky white/yellow secretions
Excessive moisture	Excessive dryness (throat, skin, eyes etc.)
Degenerative disease	Inflammatory disease
Pale tongue, white coat	Red tongue, yellow coat
Empty pulse	Full pulse

In Practice:
Although Yin-Yang essential foundation for understanding symptoms and signs, the above list of signs is too general. We need to distinguish further to get exact diagnosis. i.e., which Organ is involved, which pathogen involved, which channel involved.
Structure and Function
Without structure, function could not occur. Without function, structure would be meaningless.
Mutual Consumption of Yin and Yang
Balance of Yin & Yang is constantly changing. Yin & Yang mutually consume each other. 

Four different situations:

1) Excess of Yin	2) Excess of Yang
3) Deficiency of Yin	4) Deficiency of Yang

Excess of Yin: i.e., when excess Cold in the body consumes the Yang (heat). This is an Excess Cold (Full Cold) condition.
Excess of Yang: i.e., when excess Heat (from Exterior or Interior of body) consumes Body Fluids, leading to Dryness or even Heat. This is an Excess Heat (Full Heat) condition.
Deficiency of Yin (Consumption of Yin): i.e., when the body's Yin energy is depleted, an apparent excess of Yang results, leading to feelings of "empty heat" (mild but very specific heat symptoms, i.e., flushed cheeks, afternoon fever, sweating at night, heat in extremities. This is Deficiency Heat (Empty Heat) condition (i.e., a condition of deficiency and heat), also called "False Fire".
Deficiency of Yang (Consumption of Yang). When body's Yang energy is spontaneously deficient - an apparent excess of Yin results, leading to various symptoms involving cold and hypo-activity Deficiency of Yang can also occur after an Excess Cold condition has damaged Yang. This is an Deficiency Cold (Empty Cold) condition (i.e., a condition of deficiency and cold).

Excess of Yin (Full Cold)	Excess of Yang (Full Heat)
Excess of Yin is primary aspect	Excess of Yang is primary aspect
Yin is in true excess	Can eventually cause deficiency of Yin
Can eventually cause deficiency of Yang
Deficiency of Yang (Consumption of Yang)	Deficiency of Yin (Consumption of Yin)
(Empty Cold)	(Empty Heat of "False Fire")
Decrease of Yang energy is primary aspect	Deficiency of Yin is primary aspect
Yin only apparently in excess	Yang only apparently in excess

Inter-transformation of Yin and Yang in Medicine
In medicine also, Yin and Yang transform into one another, but only when conditions are right. The right moment determined by internal qualities of the given situation or phenomenon.
In clinical practice, the above principle is important.
Disease is prevented by achievement of BALANCE in lifestyle i.e., excessive work (Yang) without rest leads to deficiency (Yin) of energy i.e., excessive consumption of cold food (Yin) leads to deficiency of body's Yang energy i.e., smoking (= putting heat (Yang) into Lungs) leads to deficiency of Yin of Lungs (and eventually Kidneys)
The principle is observable in pathological changes seen in disease i.e., Exterior cold (cold weather) can invade body and can change to heat (sore throat). i.e., Deficiency of Yang of i.e., Spleen. Because Spleen Yang is used to transform fluids, these can build up to cause Excess Interior Dampness (Yin).

Uppongina sandram la uvvettuna yegisindi

manasunu kadagalani aasha...

kodigatte deepam la ninu kudimukumantondi

manishiga brathakalane aasha...

gundello oopirai kallallo jeevamai

pranam lo pranami..ee...ee...e...

Malli puttani... naalo manishini...

Malli puttani... naalo manishini...

Hakuna Matata! What a wonderful phrase

Hakuna Matata! Ain't no passing craze

It means no worries for the rest of your days

It's our problem-free philosophy

Hakuna Matata!

Countries and Their Domain Extensions

Ever see a Web address that doesn't end in .com, .org, or .edu? Most likely, the Web site is hosted on a server in another country, or, the origin of business is in another country. Here's a list of different country domain extensions and their corresponding countries sorted alphabetically according to the file extension.

Domain Extension Country
a (unknown)
bitnet (unknown)
ac United Kingdom academic institutions
ad Andorra
ae United Arab Emirates
af Afghanistan
ag Antigua and Barbuda
ai Anguilla
al Albania
am Armenia
an Netherlands Antilles
ao Angola
aq Antarctica
ar Argentina
as American Samoa
at Austria
au Australia
aw Aruba
az Azerbaijan
ba Bosnia and Herzegovina
bb Barbados
bd Bangladesh
be Belgium
bf Burkina Faso
bg Bulgaria
bh Bahrain
bi Burundi
bj Benin
bm Bermuda
bn Brunei Darussalam
bo Bolivia
br Brazil
bs Bahamas
bt Bhutan
bv Bouvet Island
bw Botswana
by Belarus
bz Belize
ca Canada
cc Cocos (Keeling) Islands
cf Central African Republic
cg Congo
ch Switzerland
ci Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
ck Cook Islands
cl Chile
cm Cameroon
cn China
co Colombia
com US Commercial
cr Costa Rica
cs Czechoslovakia (former)
cu Cuba
cv Cape Verde
cx Christmas Island
cy Cyprus
cz Czech Republic
de Germany
dj Djibouti
dk Denmark
dm Dominica
do Dominican Republic
dz Algeria
ec Ecuador
edu US Educational
ee Estonia
eg Egypt
eh Western Sahara
er Eritrea
es Spain
et Ethiopia
fi Finland
fj Fiji
fk Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
fm Micronesia
fo Faroe Islands
fr France
fx France (Metropolitan)
ga Gabon
gb Great Britain (UK)
ma Morocco
mc Monaco
md Moldova
mg Madagascar
mh Marshall Islands
mil US Military
mk Macedonia
ml Mali
mm Mynamar
mn Mongolia
mo Macau
mp Northern Mariana Islands
mq Martinique
mr Mauritania
ms Montserrat
mt Malta
mu Mauritius
mv Maldives
mw Malawi
mx Mexico
my Malaysia
mz Mozambique
na Namibia
nc New Caledonia
ne Niger
net US network
nf Norfolk Island
ng Nigeria
ni Nicaragua
nl Netherlands
no Norway
np Nepal
nr Nauru
nt Neutral Zone
nu Niue
nz New Zealand (Aotearoa)
om Oman
org US Non-Profit Organization
pa Panama
pe Peru
pf French Polynesia
pg Papua New Guinea
ph Philippines
pk Pakistan
pl> Poland
pm Saint Pierre and Miquelon
pn Pitcairn
pr Puerto Rico
pt Portugal
pw Palau
py Paraguay
qa Qatar
re Reunion
ro Romania
ru Russian Federation
rw Rwanda
sa Saudi Arabia
sb Solomon Islands
sc Seychelles
sd Sudan
se Sweden
sg Singapore
sh Saint Helena
si Slovenia
sj Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands
sk Slovak Republic
sl Sierra Leone
sm San Marino
sn Senegal
so Somalia
sr Suriname
st Sao Tome and Principe
su USSR (former)
sv El Salvador
sy Syria
sz Swaziland
tc Turks and Caicos Islands
td Chad
tf French Southern Territories
tg Togo
th Thailand
tj Tajikistan
tk Tokelau
tm Turkmenistan
tn Tunisia
to Tonga
tp East Timor
tr Turkey
tt Trinidad and Tobago
tv Tuvalu
tw Taiwan
tz Tanzania
ua Ukraine
ug Uganda
uk United Kingdom
um US Minor Outlying Islands
us United States
uy Uruguay
uz Uzbekistan
va Vatican City State
vc Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
ve Venezuela
vg Virgin Islands (British)
vi Virgin Islands (US)
vn Viet Nam
vu Vanuatu
wf Wallis and Futuna Islands
ws Samoa
ye Yemen
yt Mayotte
yu Yugoslavia
za South Africa
zm Zambia
zr Zaire
zw Zimbabwe
gd Grenada
ge Georgia
gf French Guiana
gh Ghana
gi Gibraltar
gl Greenland
gm Gambia
gn Guinea
gov US Government
gp Guadaloupe
gq Equatorial Guinea
gr Greece
gs South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands
gt Guatemala
gu Guam
gw Guinea-Bissau
gy Guyana
hk Hong Kong
hm Heard and McDonald Islands
hn Honduras
hr Croatia (Hrvatska)
ht Haiti
hu Hungary
id Indonesia
ie Ireland
il Israel
in India
io British Indian Ocean Territory
iq Iraq
ir Iran
is Iceland
it Italy
jm Jamaica
jo Jordan
jp Japan
ke Kenya
kg Kyrgyzstan
kh Cambodia
ki Kiribati
km Comoros
kn Saint Kitts and Nevis
kp Korea (North)
kr Korea (South)
kw Kuwait
ky Cayman Islands
kz Kazakhstan
la Laos
lb Lebanon
lc Saint Lucia
li Liechtenstein
lk Sri Lanka
lr Liberia
ls Lesotho
lt Lithuania
lu Luxembourg
lv Latvia
ly Libya

German-control-of-europe-in-history

Facts About Ancient India:

• It is the only society in the world which has never known slavery.
• India invented the Number System. Zero was invented by Aryabhatta. The place value system, the decimal system was developed in India in 100 BC.
• The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students from all over the world studied more than 60 subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the 4th century was one of the greatest achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
• Sanskrit is considered the mother of all higher languages. Sanskrit is the most precise, and therefore suitable language for computer software - a report in Forbes magazine, July 1987.
• Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine known to humans. Charaka, the father of medicine consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years ago. Today Ayurveda is fast regaining its rightful place in our civilization. It is the only system which takes the holistic view of the person being treated.
• Although modern images of India often show poverty and lack of development, India was the richest country on earth until the time of British in the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by her wealth and was looking for route to India when he discovered American continent by mistake.
• The art of Navigation was born in the river Sindh 6000 years ago. The very word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH. The word navy is also derived from Sanskrit 'Nou'.
• Bhaskaracharya calculated the time taken by the earth to orbit the sun hundreds of years before the astronomer Smart. Time taken by earth to orbit the sun: (5th century) 365.258756484 days.
• The value of "pi" was first calculated by Budhayana, and he explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the 6th century long before the European mathematicians.
• Algebra, trigonometry and calculus came from India. Quadratic equations were propounded by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers as big as 10*53(10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 BC during the Vedic period. Even today, the largest used number is Tera: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).
• According to the Gemological Institute of America, up until 1896, India was the only source for diamonds to the world.
• The earliest reservoir and dam for irrigation was built in Saurashtra. According to Saka King Rudradaman I of 150 BC a beautiful lake aptly called 'Sudarshana' was constructed on the hills of Raivataka during Chandragupta Maurya's time.
• Chess (Shataranja or AshtaPada) was reportedly invented in India.
• Sushruta is the father of surgery. 2600 years ago he and health scientists of his time conducted complicated surgeries like cesareans, cataract, artificial limbs, fractures, urinary stones and even plastic surgery and brain surgery.
• Usage of anesthesia was well known in ancient India. Over 125 surgical equipments were used. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, physiology, etiology, embryology, digestion, metabolism, genetics and immunity is also found in many texts.
• When many cultures were only nomadic forest dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians established Harappan culture in the Sindhu Valley Civilization.

Quotes About India:
Albert Einstein:  "We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have been made."


Mark Twain:  "India is, the cradle of the human race, the birthplace of human speech, the mother of history, the grandmother of legend, and the great grand mother of tradition. our most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of man are treasured up in India only."


French scholar Romain Rolland: "If there is one place on the face of earth where all the dreams of living men have found a home from the very earliest days when man began the dream of existence, it is India."


Hu Shih, former Ambassador of China to USA:  "India conquered and dominated China culturally for 20 centuries without ever having to send a single soldier across her border."


Will Durant, (1885-1981) American historian:  "India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of Europe's languages: she was the mother of our philosophy; mother, through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the Buddha, of the ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the village community, of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in many ways the mother of us all".

Indhistory

Ancient India
The Indus Valley Civilization existed in between 3000-1500 BC while the earlier Kot Diji cultures, of the pre-Indus period, existed in the period of approximately 3300-2800 BC. Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization. These cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout.


Then came Aryans who composed these evocative hymns to nature and celebrated life exuberantly referred to themselves as Aryas usually anglicised as Aryan meaning 'noble'. The 6th Century B.C. was the period of Magadh Kingdom. Chandragupta Maurya ousted the oppressive ruler of Magadh to find his own dynasty that existed from 322 - 298 B.C.


The most famous Maurya King Ashoka the Great ruled from 273 - 232 B.C over a large kingdom stretching from Kashmir and Peshawar in the North and Northwest to Mysore in the South and Orissa in the East. He after witnessing the carnage at the battle field of Kalinga (269 B.C.) in Orissa, dedicated himself to Dharmma ( righteousness ).


In the subsequent centuries, after the Ashoka empire disintegrated, India suffered a series of invasions, and often fell under the spell of foreign rulers - Indo Bactrians, the Sakas and others. After the next 400 years of instability the Guptas established their kingdom.


Kalidas, the famous Sanskrit poet and dramatist, author of Abhijnana Shankuntalam, Kumarsambhavam and Meghadutam is believed to have adorned the Gupta court. Also the great mathematicians like Aryabhatta and astronomers like Varahmihir lived during this period. The dazzling wall paintings of the Ajanta caves too are traced back to this era.


Cholas, Pandayas and Pallavas ruled over the southern part of India during the medieval period of Indias history. Cholas ruled the territory of Deccan (today the districts of Thanjavur and Tiruchirapally) while the Pandyas reined around present day Tirunelvelli and Madurai.


Pallavas of Kanchi rose to prominence in the 4th Century A.D. and ruled unchallenged for about four hundred years. The Nayanar and Alvar saint poets belong to this period. The gemlike shore temples at Mahabalipuram date to this period. The Cholas overthrew the Pallavas were in the 9th Century and regained political primacy in south India. The 15th Century saw the decline of the Pandyas.




   HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India


  3000 - 2600 BC - Harappa Civilisation
  1200 - 500 BC - Vedic Era


  550 BC - Birth of Mahavira


  563 - 483 BC - Sidhartha Gautama, the Buddha


  327 BC - The Conquests of Alexander The Great


  325 BC - Alexander The Great, still goes on


  322 BC - Rise of the Mauryas, Chandragupta


  298 BC - Bindusara Coronated


  272 BC - Ashoka's Reign


  180 BC - Fall of the Mauryas & Rise of the Sungas


    30 BC - Rise of the Satvahana Dynasty


    50 AD - The Kushans and Kanishkas


  320 AD - Chandragupta I establishes the Gupta dynasty


  360 AD - Samudragupta conquers the North


  380 AD - Chandragupta II comes to power


  415 AD - Accession of Kumara Gupta I


  467 AD - Skanda Gupta assumes power


  892 AD - Rise of the Eastern Chalukyas


  985 AD - The Chola Dynasty



Medieval India


The Rajput period was an era of chivalry and feudalism. The Rajputs weakened each other by constant fighting. This allowed the foreigners (Turks) to embark on victorious campaigns using duplicity and deceit wherever military strength failed against Rajputs.


Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, the Tomar ruler of Delhi, at the battle of Tarain in 1192 and left the Indian territories in the charge of his deputy, Qutubudin (reign - 1206 - 1210), who had started life as a slave. Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis followed and this period is known as the Sultanate. When the power of the Sultans declined, the outlying provinces once again became important and the process of Hindu Islamic synthesis continued almost without any interruption.


Babur (reign - 1526-30), the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, was the descendant of Timur as well as Changez Khan. Ousted by his cousins, he came to India and defeated Ibrahim, the last Lodi Sultan in 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat. There was a brief interruption to Mughal rule when Babur's son Humayun (reign - 1530-40) was ousted from Delhi, by Sher Shah, an Afghan chieftain.


Sher Shah (reign - 1540-55), assumed power in the imperial capital for a short while. He is remembered as the builder of the Grand Trunk road that spanned the distance from Peshawar to Patna and also one who introduced major reforms in the revenue system, gratefully retained by the Mughals.


It was Babur's grandson Akbar (reign - 1556-1605), who consolidated political power and extended his empire over practically the whole of north India and parts of the south. Jahangir (reign - 1605-27) who succeeded Akbar was a pleasure loving man of refined taste. Shah Jahan (1628-58) his son, ascended the throne next. Shah Jahan's fame rests on the majestic buildings he has left behind - the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort and the Jama Masjid. Aurangzeb (reign - 1658-1707) was the last Mughal ruler.


In western India, Shivaji (1637-80) had forged the Marathas into an efficient military machine and given them a sense of national identity. They adopted guerrilla tactics to maul the Mughals and put a severe drain on their economic resources.


The contenders for political supremacy in the 17th and 18th Centuries included besides the Marathas, the Sikhs in Punjab and Hyder Ali (reign - 1721 - 1782) in Mysore. Tipu Sultan (reign - 1782 - 1799) - Hyder Ali's son and successor allied himself with the French against the British and strove to introduce the latest technical knowledge from Europe.




   HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India


  1026 - Ghazni sacks Somnath Temple
  1191 - First Battle of Tarain


  1192 - Second Battle of Tarain


  1206 - Qutbuddin establishes the Slave Dynasty


  1221 - Mongol invasion under Genghis Khan


  1232 - Foundation of the Qutub Minar


  1288 - Marco Polo visits India


  1290 - Jalaludin Firuz Khalji establishes the Khalji dynasty


  1320 - Ghiyasuddin Tughluk founds the Tughluk dynasty


  1325 - Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughluk


  1336 - Foundation of Vijayanagar (Deccan)


  1398 - Timur invades India


  1424 - Rise of the Bahmani dynasty (Deccan)


  1451 - The Lodi dynasty established in Delhi


  1469 - Birth of Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism


  1489 - Adil Shah dynasty at Bijapur


  1498 - First voyage of Vasco da gama


  1510 - Portuguese capture Goa


  1526 - Establishment of the Mughul Dynasty; First Battle of Panipat


  1526-1530 - Reign of Babur


  1530 - Humayun succeeds Babur


  1539 - Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan


  1555 - Humayun recovers the throne of Delhi


  1556 - Accession of Akbar


  1565 - Battle of Talikota


  1568 - Fall of Chittor Garh


  1576 - Battle of Haldighati


  1577 - Akbar troops invade Khandesh


  1597 - Akbar completes his conquests


  1600 - Charter to the English East India Company


  1605 - Jahangir


  1609 - The Dutch open a factory at Pulicat


  1615 - Submission of Mewar to the Mughals


  1620 - Capture of Kangra Fort


  1623 - Shah Jahan revolts against Jahangir


  1628 - Shah Jahan proclaimed Emperor


  1636 - Aurangzeb appointed Viceroy of Deccan


  1646 - Shivaji captures Torna


  1658 - Coronation of Aurangzeb


  1666 - Death of Shah Jahan


  1689 - Execution of Sambhaji


  1700 - Death of Rajaram


  1707 - Death of Aurangzeb


  1720 - Accession of Baji Rao Peshwa at Poona


  1742 - Marathas invade Bengal


  1748 - First Anglo-French war


  1750 - War of the Deccan; Death of Nasir Jang


  1756 - Siraj-ud-daulah captures Calcutta





Modern India


Vasco da Gama when landed at Calicut, sailing via the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, marked the beginning of the European era in Indian history. The Portuguese by the 16th Century had already established their colony in Goa.


In the next century, India was visited by a large number of European travellers - Italians, Englishmen, Frenchmen and Dutchmen. They were drawn to India for different reasons. Some were traders, others adventurers, and quite a few fired by the missionary zeal to find converts to Christianity. Eventually England, France, the Netherlands and Denmark, floated East India Companies.


During the late 16th and the 17th Centuries, these companies competed with each other fiercely. By the last quarter of the 18th Century the English had vanquished all others and established themselves as the dominant power in India. The British administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary changes in the social, political and the economic life of the country.


Once the British had consolidated their power, commercial exploitation of the natural resources and native labour became ruthless. By the middle of the 19th Century arrogant exploitation of the people had tried the patience of the Indians to the limit.


The six decades between the end of the "mutinous" war of 1857 - 59 and the conclusion of First World War saw both the peak of British imperial power in India and the birth of nationalist agitation against it. With increasing intrusion of aliens in their lives, a group of middle class Indians formed the Indian National Congress (1885) - a society of English educated affluent professionals - to seek reforms from the British.


The anticolonial struggle became truly a mass movement with the arrival of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 - 1948) in 1915 who had suffered great humiliation in South Africa due to the policy of racial discrimination and later commited to rid his motherland of the ills of foreign rule.


Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out of India in 1947, but with independence came the independence of the country into Pakistan.




   HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India


  1757 - Battle of Plassey: The British defeat Siraj-ud-daulah
  1760 - Battle of Wandiwash: The British defeat the French


  1761 - Third battle of Panipat


  1764 - Battle of Buxar: The British defeat Mir Kasim


  1765 - The British get Diwani Rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa


  1767 -1769 - First Mysore War


  1772 - Warren Hastings appointed as Governor of Bengal


  1773 - The Regulating Act passed by the British Parliament


  1775 -1782 - The First Anglo-Maratha war


  1780-1784 - Second Mysore War : The British defeat Hyder Ali


  1784 - Pitt's India Act


  1790-1792 - Third Mysore War between the British and Tipu


  1793 - Permanent Settlement of Bengal


  1799 - Fourth Mysore War: The British defeat Tipu


  1802- Treaty of Bassein


  1803-1805 - The Second Anglo-Maratha war


  1814-1816 - The Anglo-Gurkha war


  1817-1818 - The Pindari war


  1824-1826 - The First Burmese war


  1829 - Prohibition of Sati


  1831 - Mysore administration taken over by East India Company


  1833 - Renewal of Company's Charter


  1833 - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire


  1838 - Tripartite treaty between Shah Shuja, Ranjit Singh and the British


  1839-1842 - First Afghan war


  1843 - Gwalior war


  1845-1846 - First Anglo-Sikh war


  1848 - Lord Dalhousie becomes the Governor-General


  1848-1849 - Second Anglo-Sikh war


  1852 - Second Anglo-Burmese war


  1853 - Railway & Telegraph line introduced


  1857 - First War of Indian Independence: The Sepoy Mutiny


  1857 - Zanshichi Rani Laxmibai - Freedom struggle in 1857


  1858 - British Crown takes over the Indian Government


  1877 - The Queen of England proclaimed Empress of India


  1878 - Vernacular Press Act


  1881 - Factory Act


  1885 - First meeting of the Indian National Congress


  1897 - Plague in Bombay; Famine Commission


  1899 - Lord Curzon becomes Governor-General and Viceroy


  1905 - The First Partition of Bengal


  1906 - Formation of Muslim League


  1911 - Partition of Bengal modified to create the Presidency of Bengal


  1912 - The Imperial capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi


  1913 - Educational Resolution of the Government of India


  1915 - Defence of India Act


  1916 - Home Rule League, Foundation of Women's University at Poona


  1919 - Rowlatt Act evokes protests; Jalianwalla Bagh massacre;


  1920 - The Khilafat Movement started, Non-co-operation Movement


  1921 - Moplah (Muslim) rebellion in Malabar; Census of India


  1922 - Civil Disobedience Movement, Chauri-Chaura violence


  1925 - Reforms Enquiry committee Report


  1927 - Indian Navy Act; Simon Commission Appointed


  1928 - Simon Commission comes to India: Boycott by all parties


  1929 - Lord Irwin promises Dominion Status for India; Trade Union split


  1930 - Salt Satyagraha, First Round Table Conference


  1931 - Second Round Table Conference; Irwin-Gandhi Pact


  1932 - Third Round Table Conference, Poona Pact


  1934 - Civil Disobedience Movement called off; Bihar Earthquake


  1937 - Inauguration of Provincial Autonomy


  1939 - Political deadlock in India as Congress ministries resign


  1942 - Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement, Indian National Army


  1944 - Gandhi-Jinnah Talks break down on Pakistan issue


  1946 - Interim Government formed, Constituent Assembly's first meeting


  1904 - 1947 - History of Indian Flag


  3 June 1947 - Lord Mountbatten's plan for partition of India


  15 Aug 1947 - Partition of India and Independence




    Reference:http://www.indhistory.com