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    Sunday, 4 December 2011

    Indhistory

    Ancient India
    The Indus Valley Civilization existed in between 3000-1500 BC while the earlier Kot Diji cultures, of the pre-Indus period, existed in the period of approximately 3300-2800 BC. Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization. These cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout.


    Then came Aryans who composed these evocative hymns to nature and celebrated life exuberantly referred to themselves as Aryas usually anglicised as Aryan meaning 'noble'. The 6th Century B.C. was the period of Magadh Kingdom. Chandragupta Maurya ousted the oppressive ruler of Magadh to find his own dynasty that existed from 322 - 298 B.C.


    The most famous Maurya King Ashoka the Great ruled from 273 - 232 B.C over a large kingdom stretching from Kashmir and Peshawar in the North and Northwest to Mysore in the South and Orissa in the East. He after witnessing the carnage at the battle field of Kalinga (269 B.C.) in Orissa, dedicated himself to Dharmma ( righteousness ).


    In the subsequent centuries, after the Ashoka empire disintegrated, India suffered a series of invasions, and often fell under the spell of foreign rulers - Indo Bactrians, the Sakas and others. After the next 400 years of instability the Guptas established their kingdom.


    Kalidas, the famous Sanskrit poet and dramatist, author of Abhijnana Shankuntalam, Kumarsambhavam and Meghadutam is believed to have adorned the Gupta court. Also the great mathematicians like Aryabhatta and astronomers like Varahmihir lived during this period. The dazzling wall paintings of the Ajanta caves too are traced back to this era.


    Cholas, Pandayas and Pallavas ruled over the southern part of India during the medieval period of Indias history. Cholas ruled the territory of Deccan (today the districts of Thanjavur and Tiruchirapally) while the Pandyas reined around present day Tirunelvelli and Madurai.


    Pallavas of Kanchi rose to prominence in the 4th Century A.D. and ruled unchallenged for about four hundred years. The Nayanar and Alvar saint poets belong to this period. The gemlike shore temples at Mahabalipuram date to this period. The Cholas overthrew the Pallavas were in the 9th Century and regained political primacy in south India. The 15th Century saw the decline of the Pandyas.




       HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India


      3000 - 2600 BC - Harappa Civilisation
      1200 - 500 BC - Vedic Era


      550 BC - Birth of Mahavira


      563 - 483 BC - Sidhartha Gautama, the Buddha


      327 BC - The Conquests of Alexander The Great


      325 BC - Alexander The Great, still goes on


      322 BC - Rise of the Mauryas, Chandragupta


      298 BC - Bindusara Coronated


      272 BC - Ashoka's Reign


      180 BC - Fall of the Mauryas & Rise of the Sungas


        30 BC - Rise of the Satvahana Dynasty


        50 AD - The Kushans and Kanishkas


      320 AD - Chandragupta I establishes the Gupta dynasty


      360 AD - Samudragupta conquers the North


      380 AD - Chandragupta II comes to power


      415 AD - Accession of Kumara Gupta I


      467 AD - Skanda Gupta assumes power


      892 AD - Rise of the Eastern Chalukyas


      985 AD - The Chola Dynasty



    Medieval India


    The Rajput period was an era of chivalry and feudalism. The Rajputs weakened each other by constant fighting. This allowed the foreigners (Turks) to embark on victorious campaigns using duplicity and deceit wherever military strength failed against Rajputs.


    Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, the Tomar ruler of Delhi, at the battle of Tarain in 1192 and left the Indian territories in the charge of his deputy, Qutubudin (reign - 1206 - 1210), who had started life as a slave. Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids and Lodis followed and this period is known as the Sultanate. When the power of the Sultans declined, the outlying provinces once again became important and the process of Hindu Islamic synthesis continued almost without any interruption.


    Babur (reign - 1526-30), the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, was the descendant of Timur as well as Changez Khan. Ousted by his cousins, he came to India and defeated Ibrahim, the last Lodi Sultan in 1526 at the First Battle of Panipat. There was a brief interruption to Mughal rule when Babur's son Humayun (reign - 1530-40) was ousted from Delhi, by Sher Shah, an Afghan chieftain.


    Sher Shah (reign - 1540-55), assumed power in the imperial capital for a short while. He is remembered as the builder of the Grand Trunk road that spanned the distance from Peshawar to Patna and also one who introduced major reforms in the revenue system, gratefully retained by the Mughals.


    It was Babur's grandson Akbar (reign - 1556-1605), who consolidated political power and extended his empire over practically the whole of north India and parts of the south. Jahangir (reign - 1605-27) who succeeded Akbar was a pleasure loving man of refined taste. Shah Jahan (1628-58) his son, ascended the throne next. Shah Jahan's fame rests on the majestic buildings he has left behind - the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort and the Jama Masjid. Aurangzeb (reign - 1658-1707) was the last Mughal ruler.


    In western India, Shivaji (1637-80) had forged the Marathas into an efficient military machine and given them a sense of national identity. They adopted guerrilla tactics to maul the Mughals and put a severe drain on their economic resources.


    The contenders for political supremacy in the 17th and 18th Centuries included besides the Marathas, the Sikhs in Punjab and Hyder Ali (reign - 1721 - 1782) in Mysore. Tipu Sultan (reign - 1782 - 1799) - Hyder Ali's son and successor allied himself with the French against the British and strove to introduce the latest technical knowledge from Europe.




       HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India


      1026 - Ghazni sacks Somnath Temple
      1191 - First Battle of Tarain


      1192 - Second Battle of Tarain


      1206 - Qutbuddin establishes the Slave Dynasty


      1221 - Mongol invasion under Genghis Khan


      1232 - Foundation of the Qutub Minar


      1288 - Marco Polo visits India


      1290 - Jalaludin Firuz Khalji establishes the Khalji dynasty


      1320 - Ghiyasuddin Tughluk founds the Tughluk dynasty


      1325 - Accession of Muhammad-bin-Tughluk


      1336 - Foundation of Vijayanagar (Deccan)


      1398 - Timur invades India


      1424 - Rise of the Bahmani dynasty (Deccan)


      1451 - The Lodi dynasty established in Delhi


      1469 - Birth of Guru Nanak - The Founder of Sikhism


      1489 - Adil Shah dynasty at Bijapur


      1498 - First voyage of Vasco da gama


      1510 - Portuguese capture Goa


      1526 - Establishment of the Mughul Dynasty; First Battle of Panipat


      1526-1530 - Reign of Babur


      1530 - Humayun succeeds Babur


      1539 - Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayan


      1555 - Humayun recovers the throne of Delhi


      1556 - Accession of Akbar


      1565 - Battle of Talikota


      1568 - Fall of Chittor Garh


      1576 - Battle of Haldighati


      1577 - Akbar troops invade Khandesh


      1597 - Akbar completes his conquests


      1600 - Charter to the English East India Company


      1605 - Jahangir


      1609 - The Dutch open a factory at Pulicat


      1615 - Submission of Mewar to the Mughals


      1620 - Capture of Kangra Fort


      1623 - Shah Jahan revolts against Jahangir


      1628 - Shah Jahan proclaimed Emperor


      1636 - Aurangzeb appointed Viceroy of Deccan


      1646 - Shivaji captures Torna


      1658 - Coronation of Aurangzeb


      1666 - Death of Shah Jahan


      1689 - Execution of Sambhaji


      1700 - Death of Rajaram


      1707 - Death of Aurangzeb


      1720 - Accession of Baji Rao Peshwa at Poona


      1742 - Marathas invade Bengal


      1748 - First Anglo-French war


      1750 - War of the Deccan; Death of Nasir Jang


      1756 - Siraj-ud-daulah captures Calcutta





    Modern India


    Vasco da Gama when landed at Calicut, sailing via the Cape of Good Hope in 1498, marked the beginning of the European era in Indian history. The Portuguese by the 16th Century had already established their colony in Goa.


    In the next century, India was visited by a large number of European travellers - Italians, Englishmen, Frenchmen and Dutchmen. They were drawn to India for different reasons. Some were traders, others adventurers, and quite a few fired by the missionary zeal to find converts to Christianity. Eventually England, France, the Netherlands and Denmark, floated East India Companies.


    During the late 16th and the 17th Centuries, these companies competed with each other fiercely. By the last quarter of the 18th Century the English had vanquished all others and established themselves as the dominant power in India. The British administered India for a period of about two centuries and brought about revolutionary changes in the social, political and the economic life of the country.


    Once the British had consolidated their power, commercial exploitation of the natural resources and native labour became ruthless. By the middle of the 19th Century arrogant exploitation of the people had tried the patience of the Indians to the limit.


    The six decades between the end of the "mutinous" war of 1857 - 59 and the conclusion of First World War saw both the peak of British imperial power in India and the birth of nationalist agitation against it. With increasing intrusion of aliens in their lives, a group of middle class Indians formed the Indian National Congress (1885) - a society of English educated affluent professionals - to seek reforms from the British.


    The anticolonial struggle became truly a mass movement with the arrival of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869 - 1948) in 1915 who had suffered great humiliation in South Africa due to the policy of racial discrimination and later commited to rid his motherland of the ills of foreign rule.


    Successive campaigns had the effect of driving the British out of India in 1947, but with independence came the independence of the country into Pakistan.




       HISTORY INDIA : India's History : Timeline of India


      1757 - Battle of Plassey: The British defeat Siraj-ud-daulah
      1760 - Battle of Wandiwash: The British defeat the French


      1761 - Third battle of Panipat


      1764 - Battle of Buxar: The British defeat Mir Kasim


      1765 - The British get Diwani Rights in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa


      1767 -1769 - First Mysore War


      1772 - Warren Hastings appointed as Governor of Bengal


      1773 - The Regulating Act passed by the British Parliament


      1775 -1782 - The First Anglo-Maratha war


      1780-1784 - Second Mysore War : The British defeat Hyder Ali


      1784 - Pitt's India Act


      1790-1792 - Third Mysore War between the British and Tipu


      1793 - Permanent Settlement of Bengal


      1799 - Fourth Mysore War: The British defeat Tipu


      1802- Treaty of Bassein


      1803-1805 - The Second Anglo-Maratha war


      1814-1816 - The Anglo-Gurkha war


      1817-1818 - The Pindari war


      1824-1826 - The First Burmese war


      1829 - Prohibition of Sati


      1831 - Mysore administration taken over by East India Company


      1833 - Renewal of Company's Charter


      1833 - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire


      1838 - Tripartite treaty between Shah Shuja, Ranjit Singh and the British


      1839-1842 - First Afghan war


      1843 - Gwalior war


      1845-1846 - First Anglo-Sikh war


      1848 - Lord Dalhousie becomes the Governor-General


      1848-1849 - Second Anglo-Sikh war


      1852 - Second Anglo-Burmese war


      1853 - Railway & Telegraph line introduced


      1857 - First War of Indian Independence: The Sepoy Mutiny


      1857 - Zanshichi Rani Laxmibai - Freedom struggle in 1857


      1858 - British Crown takes over the Indian Government


      1877 - The Queen of England proclaimed Empress of India


      1878 - Vernacular Press Act


      1881 - Factory Act


      1885 - First meeting of the Indian National Congress


      1897 - Plague in Bombay; Famine Commission


      1899 - Lord Curzon becomes Governor-General and Viceroy


      1905 - The First Partition of Bengal


      1906 - Formation of Muslim League


      1911 - Partition of Bengal modified to create the Presidency of Bengal


      1912 - The Imperial capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi


      1913 - Educational Resolution of the Government of India


      1915 - Defence of India Act


      1916 - Home Rule League, Foundation of Women's University at Poona


      1919 - Rowlatt Act evokes protests; Jalianwalla Bagh massacre;


      1920 - The Khilafat Movement started, Non-co-operation Movement


      1921 - Moplah (Muslim) rebellion in Malabar; Census of India


      1922 - Civil Disobedience Movement, Chauri-Chaura violence


      1925 - Reforms Enquiry committee Report


      1927 - Indian Navy Act; Simon Commission Appointed


      1928 - Simon Commission comes to India: Boycott by all parties


      1929 - Lord Irwin promises Dominion Status for India; Trade Union split


      1930 - Salt Satyagraha, First Round Table Conference


      1931 - Second Round Table Conference; Irwin-Gandhi Pact


      1932 - Third Round Table Conference, Poona Pact


      1934 - Civil Disobedience Movement called off; Bihar Earthquake


      1937 - Inauguration of Provincial Autonomy


      1939 - Political deadlock in India as Congress ministries resign


      1942 - Cripps Mission, Quit India Movement, Indian National Army


      1944 - Gandhi-Jinnah Talks break down on Pakistan issue


      1946 - Interim Government formed, Constituent Assembly's first meeting


      1904 - 1947 - History of Indian Flag


      3 June 1947 - Lord Mountbatten's plan for partition of India


      15 Aug 1947 - Partition of India and Independence




        Reference:http://www.indhistory.com

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